Urgent health warning as scientists discover new warning sign of dementia...in your 30s

Researchers looked at levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood. CRP is produced by the liver and increases when there is inflammation in the body.

The study, published in the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, does not prove that having higher levels of this protein causes dementia. It only shows an association.

There are two kinds of inflammation. Acute inflammation happens when the body’s immune response jumps into action to fight off infection or an injury. It is localised, short-term and part of a healthy immune system. Chronic inflammation is not considered healthy. It is a low-grade inflammation that lingers for months or even years throughout the body. It can be caused by autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, physical stress or other causes. Symptoms of chronic inflammation include joint pain or stiffness, digestive problems and fatigue.

Ways to reduce chronic inflammation include getting regular exercise, following an anti-inflammatory heart healthy diet and getting enough sleep.

"Late-life inflammation has been linked to dementia risk and the earliest signs of cognitive decline, but less is known about inflammation in young adults and if this could influence cognition in midlife,” said study author Kristine Yaffe, MD, of University of California, San Francisco.

“Our study found that having consistently higher or moderate inflammation starting in early adulthood may negatively affect a person’s ability to plan, focus and manage multiple tasks as well as how quickly they can process information in middle age.”

How the researchers gathered their findings 

The study involved 2,364 people age 24 to 58. They were followed for 18 years.

Participants’ inflammation levels were measured at the start of the study and three more times throughout the study.

Researchers divided participants into three groups based on inflammation levels: consistently higher, moderate or increasing and lower stable. Of the total participants, 911 people, or 39 percent, had consistently higher inflammation; 381 people, or 16 percent, had moderate or increasing inflammation; and 1,072, or 45 percent, had lower stable inflammation.

Five years after their last inflammation measurement, participants were given six tests to examine thinking and memory skills.

On a test that measures processing speed and memory, participants were given a key showing numbers and corresponding symbols. They then drew those symbols on a separate list of random numbers as quickly as possible. Of those in the low group, 10 percent had poor cognitive performance, while those in the middle group and high group had 21 percent and 19 percent, respectively.

After adjusting for factors such as age, physical activity and total cholesterol, researchers found that both the high and moderate groups were more likely to have poor performance in processing speed and executive function.

For processing speed, researchers found that those in the moderate group were more than two times more likely to have poor performance and those in the highest group were nearly two times more likely to have poor performance than those in the lowest group. For executive function, those with the highest CRP levels had a 36% higher risk of poor performance.

“Inflammation is important for cognitive ageing and may begin much earlier than previously known,” said Yaffe. “Although current prevention efforts mainly focus on late life, our study provides evidence for the need to also target brain health in middle age. More research is needed to improve early detection of those at highest risk of poor cognitive performance and to determine effective strategies to delay the process of cognitive ageing by addressing the drivers of inflammation.”

A limitation of the study was that other conditions associated with elevated levels of inflammation, such as stroke, high blood pressure and diabetes, were not assessed.

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The link between inflammation and dementia has been explored previously.

In a study published in Alzheimer's & Dementia, diets high in foods associated with inflammation were linked to accelerated brain ageing and the risk of dementia.

Investigators studied almost 2,000 healthy people (average age 62) from the Framingham Heart Study who completed food questionnaires and underwent brain MRI. Data from the questionnaires were collected over 10 years and then used to calculate participants' Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores.

The DII rates a person's eating habits based on a long list of substances and food types. A lower DII score suggests a more anti-inflammatory diet, while a higher score indicates a pro-inflammatory diet. Diets that are classified as pro-inflammatory typically include greater amounts of simple sugars, cholesterol, saturated fat, and fried foods.

Compared with people who had low DII scores, those with high DII scores had smaller brains and less grey matter, which are early markers for dementia. Men with high DII scores also were more likely to show evidence of small vessel strokes, which often don't cause immediately recognizable symptoms.

The study only showed an association, but the findings support the ongoing advice that what you eat and how much can affect brain health as you age.