Humza Yousaf delivered a furious rant last night after the SNP's amendment was defeated in the Commons.
The amendment to the King's Speech, calling for an immediate ceasefire, was voted voted down by 293 to 125, a majority of 168.
While a total of 56 Labour MPs defied Starmer to vote with the SNP, Yousaf hit out at Scottish Labour MPs who did not back the amendment, saying he is "beyond angry".
He accused MPs of being "on the wrong side of history", something he claimed to be "unforgivable".
WATCH: Starmer rejects ceasefire over concerns it will embolden Hamas
In a video posted to X, Yousaf said: "Today at Westminster MPs were presented with the chance to vote in favour of the SNP ceasefire.
"This was a plea to put humanity before politics by endorsing a ceasefire.
"Too many parents have had to bury their children in Gaza. Too many children have become orphaned. Too many have suffered. And for far too long.
"A ceasefire would enable a humanitarian corridor and the crucial delivery of immediate aid to those in desperate need.
"I am beyond angry that Scottish Labour MPs and others refused to back the calls for an immediate ceasefire.
"They are on the wrong side of history, which is unforgivable."
He added: "Over 4,500 innocent children have been killed in Gaza. The World Health Organisation has reported a heartbreaking statistic a child has been killed every 10 minutes.
"Let that sink in and know there are haunting images of tiny premature babies who have been removed from the incubators because the situation is so dire.
"This cannot continue. Humanity must prevail through collective international pressure. A path to ending the senseless violence can and must be found.
"We cannot allow the silent screams of the innocent to go unanswered. In the face of such profound sorrow, let all of our voices join the rallying cry of human solidarity. Take action.
"Use your voice and I can promise you that I will continue to raise my voice to demand an immediate ceasefire.
"We cannot allow this humanitarian catastrophe to go on for a second longer."
Last night, ten Labour frontbenchers quit in order to vote for the amendment and 56 Labour MPs rebelled.
This is despite Labour MPs being under a three-line whip not to vote in the SNP's amendment.
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Last night, Starmer was plunged into crisis as ten Labour frontbenchers quit in order to vote for the amendment and 56 Labour MPs rebelled
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The rebels included Shadow Minister for Domestic Violence, Jess Philips - one of Labour's most recognisable faces - and Yasmin Qureshi, Shadow Women and Equalities Minister.
An 11th frontbencher, Helen Hayes, also broke with the party line to speak up for a ceasefire in the preceding debate but has not been forced to quit as she did not vote with the SNP's amendment.
In a statement after the vote, the Labour leader said he will not back down on the issue, saying: "Leadership is about doing the right thing".
Starmer has repeatedly argued that calling for a ceasefire would only serve to "embolden Hamas".
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